- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Category: Vehicles
- Hits: 7345
Further "interviews" with ChatGPT the {claimed} "AI" resource; a series of questions are needed to get to the issues, like any interview.
ZES/SEE Interviewer Questions, commentary and/or reaction to ChatGPT replies
"Lithium and Cobalt are needed for battery technology, but modern slavery issues need to be addresses, can you write a scholarly article on this theme with references to research?"
ChatGPT Answered as follows:
Introduction
Lithium and cobalt are two essential materials used in battery technology, particularly in lithium-ion batteries. These batteries power electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and electric cars. The demand for lithium and cobalt has increased significantly in recent years, and the production of these minerals often involves the exploitation of workers and serious human rights abuses. This article will explore the modern slavery issues surrounding the production of lithium and cobalt and the steps being taken to address these issues.
Lithium and Cobalt Production
- Lithium is primarily extracted from brine pools and hard rock deposits, with the largest producers being Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Cobalt is mainly mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which accounts for approximately 60% of global production.
- In the DRC, much of the cobalt is produced through artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), which is typically carried out by hand and involves dangerous working conditions, including exposure to toxic chemicals and accidents. The majority of ASM in the DRC is unregulated, and workers often do not receive adequate pay or protection.
- In addition to the risks associated with ASM, there are also concerns about child labor in the cobalt mines. According to a 2020 report by Amnesty International, children as young as six are working in cobalt mines in the DRC, often in hazardous conditions.
- Similarly, in lithium production, workers face health and safety risks due to exposure to chemicals and dust. In some cases, workers are not provided with protective equipment or training.
Modern Slavery Issues
The exploitation of workers in the production of lithium and cobalt is a significant concern and can constitute modern slavery. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines modern slavery as "situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, and/or abuse of power" (ILO, 2021).
In the DRC, where much of the cobalt is produced, the ILO has identified several indicators of forced labor, including debt bondage, restriction of movement, and withholding of wages. Similarly, in lithium production, there are concerns about forced labor, particularly in countries with weak labor protections.
Addressing Modern Slavery Issues
- The exploitation of workers in the production of lithium and cobalt is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. Companies that use these materials have a responsibility to ensure that their supply chains are free from forced labor and to work with their suppliers to improve labor conditions.
- Several initiatives have been established to address the modern slavery issues in lithium and cobalt production. In 2019, the Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI) launched a program to address human rights risks in the cobalt supply chain. The program includes due diligence tools, training, and capacity building for suppliers and has been endorsed by several major companies, including Apple and Microsoft.
- Similarly, the Global Battery Alliance (GBA), which was launched in 2017, aims to create a sustainable battery value chain by addressing social and environmental issues. The GBA includes stakeholders from across the battery value chain, including mining companies, battery manufacturers, and automotive companies, and has established a framework for responsible mining.
Conclusion
The production of lithium and cobalt is essential for battery technology, but the exploitation of workers in the production process must be addressed. Modern slavery issues, including forced labor and child labor, are a significant concern and require a multifaceted approach involving companies, governments, and civil society.
Initiatives such as the RMI and GBA are important steps towards improving labor conditions in the lithium and cobalt supply chains, but more needs to be done to ensure that workers are protected from exploitation. Companies that use these materials must take responsibility for their supply chains and work with their suppliers to improve labor
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Category: Vehicles
- Hits: 5880
- Yes, using compressed natural gas (CNG) or bio-methane as transport fuel in cars and lorries can have good environmental benefits.
- Firstly, natural gas is one of the cleanest-burning fossil fuels, producing fewer emissions of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) compared to petrol or diesel. CNG, which is compressed natural gas, is simply natural gas compressed to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure, making it easier to store and transport. This means that vehicles running on CNG emit significantly lower amounts of harmful pollutants than those running on petrol or diesel.
- Secondly, bio-methane is a renewable fuel that is produced by capturing and cleaning biogas generated from organic waste such as food waste, sewage, or agricultural residues. Bio-methane is chemically identical to natural gas and can be used interchangeably as a transport fuel. When used as a fuel in vehicles, bio-methane produces significantly fewer emissions of harmful pollutants compared to petrol or diesel.
- Furthermore, using bio-methane as a fuel has the additional environmental benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The production of bio-methane from organic waste is a form of waste-to-energy technology that can reduce the amount of methane emitted from landfills or wastewater treatment plants. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential 28 times greater than CO2 over a 100-year time frame. By capturing and using methane as a fuel, the emissions of this potent greenhouse gas can be significantly reduced.
- Overall, using CNG or bio-methane as transport fuel in cars and lorries can have good environmental benefits, including reduced emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. However, the environmental benefits depend on the source of the natural gas or biogas used, as well as the efficiency of the fuel production and use process.
Comparing Bio-Methane in cars or lorries compared to EV, what are the pros and cons?
- Lower emissions: Bio-methane produces significantly lower emissions of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) compared to petrol or diesel vehicles.
- Renewable fuel: Bio-methane is a renewable fuel that can be produced from organic waste, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting a circular economy.
- Existing infrastructure: The infrastructure for natural gas refueling already exists, making it easier to transition to bio-methane vehicles compared to EVs, which require significant infrastructure investments.
- Longer range: Vehicles running on bio-methane typically have a longer range compared to EVs, which need frequent recharging.
- Greenhouse gas emissions: While bio-methane produces lower emissions compared to fossil fuels, it still produces greenhouse gas emissions. The production process and transportation of bio-methane also require energy, which results in additional emissions.
- Limited availability: The availability of bio-methane refueling stations is currently limited, making it difficult to use bio-methane vehicles for long-distance travel.
- Efficiency: The efficiency of bio-methane production and use can vary depending on the source of biogas and the production process, which can impact its overall environmental benefits.
- Zero emissions: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a cleaner option compared to traditional petrol or diesel vehicles.
- Lower operating costs: EVs have lower operating costs compared to traditional vehicles due to the lower cost of electricity compared to petrol or diesel.
- Promotes renewable energy: EVs can be charged with electricity from renewable sources, such as solar or wind, further reducing emissions and promoting a transition to renewable energy.
- Quiet and smooth: EVs operate quietly and offer a smooth ride, making them an attractive option for urban areas.
- Range anxiety: EVs have limited range compared to traditional vehicles, and drivers need to plan their trips and charging stops accordingly.
- Infrastructure: The infrastructure for EV charging is still developing, and charging stations may not be available in all locations, making it difficult for drivers to find charging stations.
- Initial cost: EVs are generally more expensive to purchase upfront compared to traditional vehicles, although the cost of ownership over time may be lower due to lower operating costs.
- Battery production: The production of EV batteries requires significant amounts of energy and resources, which can result in environmental impacts if not managed properly.
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Category: Vehicles
- Hits: 6286
|
Type of fuel - source Government 24th Mar 2022 |
Rate |
|
|
Petrol, diesel, biodiesel and bioethanol |
52.95 p per litre |
5p reduction in budget |
|
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) |
28.88 p per kg |
reduced in budget |
|
Natural gas used as fuel in vehicles, for example biogas |
22.57 p per kg |
reduced in budget |
|
‘Fuel oil’ burned in a furnace or used for heating |
9.78 p per litre |
reduced in budget |
Transport Fuel Duty and Heating Fuel Duty
Firstly, looking at these tables, one wonders at the logic applied by those Civil Servants to arrive at such numbers? Was it a gallons to litres issue? Who can tell.
With the reduction of 5p on Petrol and Diesel it must be stressed that LPG, CNG and LNG powered vehicles already had a big advantage in respect of “fuel duty” and have further been slightly reduced in this year's budget too [see table]. With Natural gas /bio gas at less than 50% [42.6% in fact] of even the new Petrol/Diesel duty. Also LPG [Liquefied petroleum gas] is only 54.5% of the ‘normal’ [petrol/diesel] fuel duty.
Also please note the Bio-diesel and Bio-ethanol both attract FULL duty per litre. This makes little sense given the processes involved to create these fuels – although growing crops to make these is not ideal.