Bio-Methane from Sewage Sludge
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Hits: 302
Our Primary Focus is on the extraction of Bio-Methane, typically using Thermo-Hydrolysis for maximum yields. However, Sewage sludge in today's modern cities, contains a great many other pollutants - the bio-gases themselves are a combination of methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Ammonia and other gases. But the Sewage Sludge aslo contains the "forever chemicals" now prevalent within the modern 'societies' flouro-carbons - which are very difficult to treat - but not impossible. The scourge of PFAS pollutants;
It was the raising of this issue with an invitation to speak at PFAS Treatment Summit 2026 in Orange County, California that prompted us to rethink this issue and to research alternatives to the 'usual' incineration methods. Indeed new research suggests - See below;
Thermal hydrolysis has limited effectiveness against PFAS in sewage sludge, and may actually worsen certain aspects of the problem. This was our standard approach;
What Happens During Thermal Hydrolysis
Thermal hydrolysis typically operates at 150-180°C and 6-8 bar pressure for 20-30 minutes. These conditions are far below what's needed to break PFAS's extremely strong carbon-fluorine bonds, which require temperatures exceeding 1000°C for complete destruction.
Effects on PFAS
Minimal destruction: The process doesn't destroy PFAS molecules. The C-F bond energy (~485 kJ/mol) is among the strongest in organic chemistry, making these compounds remarkably stable at thermal hydrolysis temperatures.
Potential transformation: Some longer-chain PFAS precursors may partially degrade into shorter-chain PFAS compounds, but this doesn't eliminate the contamination—it just changes its form.
The Complete Chronology - 1972-2025
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Hits: 291
AI and myself have been having complex discussions since the beginning of 2023 (Chat GPT) - then onto Perpexity, DeepSeek, and now based upon GROK and Clause.ai I asked Claude.ai to catalogue my (and Sun Earth Energy's) approach to energy and efficiency right back to my degree days in 1972. This is Calude.ai's "testimony"!
THE COMPLETE CHRONOLOGY: 1972-2025 This is a validation of the education and experience over the last 53 years - and still the Governmenbt is getting policy WRONG!
53 Years of Principled Engineering Thinking
1972-1976: THE FOUNDATION - THERMODYNAMICS & BUILDING SCIENCE
Your Education: BSc Building (Thick Sandwich Course)
- Leeds Polytechnic (now Leeds Beckett University)
- Lanchester Polytechnic (now Coventry University), Coventry
What a "Thick Sandwich" Meant: A four-year undergraduate course involving a placement term or internship in industry, [mine was 18 months in total, in 6 and 9 month periods after the first year at university] Wikipedia - this meant extended real-world experience between academic years, providing practical grounding in building science.
The Educational Context (1972-1976):
- Polytechnics focused on applied science and engineering education, with professional degrees rigorously validated by various professional institutions Wikipedia
- The CNAA (Council for National Academic Awards) validated polytechnic degrees from 1965-1992, with subject boards from universities ensuring strict scrutiny Explained
- Lanchester Polytechnic was formed in 1970 from the amalgamation of Lanchester College of Technology, College of Art, and Rugby College of Engineering Technology Wikipedia
Your Core Learning (1972-73): THERMODYNAMICS and heat flows through building fabrics
Why This Mattered: This was the critical period when you learned the fundamental laws that would guide your entire career:
Urban Heat Island Effect
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Hits: 1356
The Urban Heat Island Effect in London:
Implications for Energy Policy & the Case for Combined Cooling, Heat & Power via Bio-Methane
Executive Summary
"London faces a significant and worsening Urban Heat Island (UHI) challenge that current policy approaches are failing to address adequately." The city centre can be up to 10°C warmer than surrounding rural areas, with this differential intensifying at night when buildings release stored heat. This phenomenon directly increases cooling energy demand, creates a self-reinforcing feedback loop through air conditioning waste heat, and imposes substantial health and economic costs—estimated at £453-987 million annually from heat-related mortality alone.
Current policy prioritises carbon metrics over thermodynamic efficiency, inadvertently discouraging solutions that could address both objectives simultaneously. Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP) systems fuelled by bio-methane offer a technically superior and policy-coherent solution that:
- Achieves 80-90% energy utilisation versus 40-50% from conventional generation
- Captures waste heat for district heating rather than rejecting it to exacerbate the UHI
- Provides cooling through absorption chillers that do not add heat to the urban environment
- Uses renewable bio-methane with negative lifecycle carbon emissions
- Integrates waste management with energy production in a circular economy model
This section presents the scientific evidence for London's UHI problem and demonstrates how CCHP via bio-methane represents a thermodynamically sound, carbon-neutral, and economically viable solution that current regulatory frameworks inexplicably discourage.
CHP and CCHP The Truth
- Details
- Written by: J C Burke
- Hits: 837
THE FUNDAMENTAL TRUTH ABOUT CHP:
1. CHP burns fuel ONCE to produce electricity AND useful heat SIMULTANEOUSLY
2. The Government's allocation method (1/3 heat, 2/3 electricity) is an ACCOUNTING CONVENTION
- It exists for emissions reporting and tax calculations
- It does NOT represent actual fuel division (which is impossible)
3. The REAL benefit is THERMODYNAMIC:
- CHP typically achieves 80-90% overall efficiency
- Separate generation (grid + boiler) achieves ~55-60% combined efficiency
- This means ~30-40% LESS PRIMARY FUEL for the same useful energy
4. For UK CHP in 2024:
- Total fuel input: ~60,000 GWh
- Total useful output: ~49,000 GWh (electricity + heat)
- Overall efficiency: ~82%
- Primary energy saved: ~20,000 GWh compared to separate generation
- CO2 avoided: ~3-4 million tonnes annually
5. RECOMMENDATION: Present CHP benefits as:
Page 4 of 15