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- Written by: J C Burke
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AI Sys: AND Based on My Experience
1. Context of Centralized vs. Decentralized Electricity Production
Centralized Electricity Production:
In the UK, electricity is predominantly generated by large-scale centralized power stations (e.g., gas-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), nuclear plants, and large renewable installations like offshore wind farms).- These plants are typically located far from urban centres, leading to significant transmission and distribution losses (approximately 7-10% of generated electricity is lost in the grid).
- Centralized systems are designed primarily for electricity generation, and waste heat (e.g., from gas or nuclear plants) is often dissipated into the environment rather than utilized, resulting in low overall fuel utilization efficiency (typically 40-50% for CCGT plants, though some modern plants can reach 60%).
Decentralized Electricity Production:
- Decentralized systems involve smaller-scale generation units (e.g., Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants, microgrids, local renewables) located closer to end-users.
- These systems can utilize waste heat from electricity generation for heating purposes via heat networks (district heating), significantly increasing overall fuel utilization efficiency (up to 80-90% in well-designed CHP systems).
- Decentralized systems can also integrate local renewable energy sources (e.g., solar PV, small wind turbines) and energy storage technologies, including heat storage.
2. Fuel Utilization Efficiencies
One of the primary benefits of moving to decentralized electricity production, coupled with heat networks, is the dramatic improvement in fuel utilization efficiency. Here's how:
- Centralized Systems:
- In a typical centralized CCGT plant, electricity is generated with an efficiency of around 50-60%. The remaining energy is lost as waste heat, often vented to the atmosphere or dissipated into water bodies.
- If natural gas is used solely for electricity generation, the overall system efficiency is limited to this range, and additional gas or electricity is required to meet heating demands (e.g., via domestic gas boilers or electric heating), further compounding energy losses.
- Decentralized Systems with CHP and Heat Networks:
- In a decentralized CHP system, the same amount of natural gas can be used to generate both electricity and heat. Modern CHP systems can achieve overall efficiencies of 80-90%, as waste heat is captured and distributed via heat networks to provide space heating, hot water, or industrial process heat.
- For example, a CHP plant generating 40% electricity and capturing 45% of the energy as usable heat achieves an overall efficiency of 85%, compared to 50% in a centralized system where heat is not utilized.
- This higher efficiency reduces the total amount of fuel (e.g., natural gas) required to meet the same electricity and heating demands, directly lowering fuel costs and reducing exposure to volatile gas prices.
- Economic Implications:
- By reducing fuel consumption, decentralized systems lower the operational costs of energy production. For instance, if a CHP plant requires 15-20% less gas to deliver the same energy services (electricity + heat) as a centralized system, this translates into significant savings, especially given the high cost of natural gas in the UK.
- Additionally, the reduced reliance on grid electricity (subject to transmission losses and high retail tariffs) further lowers costs for end-users.
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- Written by: Ned Nikolov and Karl F Zeller
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{See Ned Nikolov} "Ever wondered, what the Earth's surface temperatures would be under different atmospheric pressures?"
"This graph shows results from the latest extended NZ planetary temperature model based on the best available NASA data for Venus, the Moon, Earth, Mars, Titan and Triton. These planetary bodies were used to derive universal thermodynamic relationships (valid over a huge range of physical environments) between surface temperatures one hand and pressure, atmospheric density & incoming solar radiation on the other."
"The predictions for Earth depicted here are so accurate that you can take them to bank, as the saying goes."
The green curve shows average latitudinal temperatures under the current pressure (0.9855 bar).
"The overall pattern is that an increasing atmospheric pressure raises the mean global temperature while reducing the latitudinal temperature gradients at the same time. Thus, the higher the total pressure, the more isothermal the planet becomes! That's because molar air density increases with pressure, and a higher density makes the meridional heat transport more efficient due to the presence of large number of molecules per cubic meter carrying heat. Venus with its 93 bar of surface pressure is an example of an isothermal planet surface caused by a very high atmospheric molar density... The relationships are strongly non-linear, however."
Full Research Thesis Click HERE
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- Written by: Coordinated - J C Burke, Sourced JPL/NASA and Nature
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Titan's Surface Organics Surpass Oil Reserves on Earth
Don't take our word so this statement, check out JPL/NASA {Jet Propulsion Laboratory, since 13th Feb 2008!} LINK HERE
After reading this we have to ask the question: What is a Fossil Fuel? Or should we investigate the Abiotic Generation of Hydro-Carbons {citation below} on Titan and the Earth?
From the JPL 2008 article: "Saturn's moon Titan has hundreds of times more liquid hydrocarbons than all the known oil and natural gas reserves on Earth", according to new data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
Saturn's orange moon Titan has hundreds of times more liquid hydrocarbons than all the known oil and natural gas reserves on Earth, according to new data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The hydrocarbons rain from the sky, collecting in vast deposits that form lakes and dunes.
The new findings from the study led by Ralph Lorenz, Cassini radar team member from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md., are reported in the Jan. 29 issue of the Geophysical Research Letters."Titan is just covered in carbon-bearing material -- it's a giant factory of organic chemicals," said Lorenz.
"This vast carbon inventory is an important window into the geology and climate history of Titan.
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- Written by: @RobinMonotti; Nathan Kaib; Nicola Scafetta; Antonio Bianchini;
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WHY THEY HATE STONEHENGE: TEMPLE TO THE SUN: THE REAL REASON FOR CLIMATE CHANGE:
The warming from the Sun is cyclical, it's NOT constant. The distance of where you are from the Sun is constantly changing because both the Earth's orbit around the Sun is irregular and the Sun itself wobbles due to the combined gravitational pull of all the planets together. Look at the Schwabe solar cycle of 11 years, the Jose solar cycle of solar Inertial Motion of 179 years, Eddy Solar Cycle of 1000 years, the Bray-Halstatt Cycles of 2300-2500 years, then look into the three Milankovitch Cycles. Short to medium term climate change: See Harmonics of the Solar Sytems Research 4th August 2022; CLICK HERE or see below
Solar Inertial Motion: the combined mass of the planets also moves both the position of the Sun and its activity through their combined gravitational pull, meaning the Sun moves around following the ever moving barycentre of the Solar system rather than being in a fixed central point in the middle Solar System. That is the key thing to understand: the Sun is moving around, wobbling in spiral like motion as it travels, it is not stationary. Once you understand that all medium term climate change can be explained simply because of the Sun's changing distance from the Earth.
None of this has anything to do with humans. None of this has anything to do with CO2. The models of the Solar System you grew up believing as a child were gross over simplifications. They conditioned you to believe that the Solar system has a fixed Sun position with a regular Sun activity with regular orbits, of which the Earth is one. Yet that is not the reality: not only the earth both tilts and wobbles as it orbits, but the orbit is a changing ellipse not a perfect circle, meaning the distance from the Sun is not constant.
These are the three Milankovitch cycles. Also other planets have irregular orbits. The combined effect of all these irregular orbits together pulls the Sun off centre of the solar system into the barycentre. A wobbling Sun is the real reason for short to medium term climate change, and an irregular earth orbit, tilt and wobble is the reason for long term climate change. And this is just the beginning of the story of irregularity in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, then there are cycles of Sun activity, making it stronger and weaker according to how close to the 11 year cycle of magnetic poles flip it is, next being in 2024, and how many Sun spots & Solar flares we are exposed to.
Then you need to factor volcanic activity, the Hunga-Tonga Hunga underwater volcanic eruption of January 2022 increased the water vapour in the stratosphere by 10%, this in itself will cause considerable warming of the planet in most regions. It's definitely not a simplistic neat black and white story of CO2, a minor greenhouse gas, as 95% of the earth's greenhouse gases are constituted by water vapour instead.
Humans have no power to determine either the orbit of the Earth around the Sun or the Sun's internal & external activity, or the water vapour in the atmosphere. Life adapts much more easily to higher temperatures and increases in CO2, particularly plants, vegetation, trees, plankton& phytoplankton, than it does to decreases in CO2. The real danger is a decrease of CO2, and a decrease in temperature, not an increase in either.
Once again, we have been deceived by a systematically corrupt scientific funding system linked to oligarchs interests.CO2 was always a control knob for economic prosperity, not climate.
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- Written by: J C Burke
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"Volcanic eruptions rarely inject much water into the stratosphere [See NASA Article Click Here]. In the 18 years that NASA has been taking measurements, only two other eruptions – the 2008 Kasatochi event in Alaska and the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile – sent appreciable amounts of water vapor to such high altitudes."
""The amount of water vapor injected into the stratosphere after the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) was unprecedented, and it is therefore unclear what it might mean for surface climate. We use chemistry climate model simulations to assess the long-term surface impacts of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) anomalies similar to those caused by HTHH, but neglect the relatively minor aerosol loading from the eruption"". Footnote 1
""The simulations show that the SWV anomalies lead to strong and persistent warming of Northern Hemisphere landmasses in boreal winter, and austral winter cooling over Australia, years after eruption, demonstrating that large SWV forcing can have surface impacts on a decadal timescale. We also emphasize that the surface response to SWV anomalies is more complex than simple warming due to greenhouse forcing and is influenced by factors such as regional circulation patterns and cloud feedbacks"". Footnote 2
""This extra water vapor could influence atmospheric chemistry, boosting certain chemical reactions that could temporarily worsen depletion of the ozone layer. It could also influence surface temperatures."" NASA
Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth’s surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space.
In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn’t inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat.